On this road traffic sign, to what does the information “12 t” refer?

This sign indicates a weight limit, specifically a maximum authorized mass of 12 tonnes. It means vehicles with a total weight exceeding 12 tonnes are not allowed to enter or use this road.

The key point is that this refers to the maximum authorized mass (the vehicle’s gross weight including its load), not the actual current weight or just the load alone. This rule helps protect roads and bridges from damage caused by excessively heavy vehicles and ensures safety.

You answered correctly because "actual mass" or "actual load" are not what the sign limits — it is always about the maximum allowed total vehicle mass (including load). Remember this when you see weight limit signs in the future.