Why are short journeys performed with a cold engine especially damaging to the environment?

When the engine is cold, it operates less efficiently, causing it to consume more fuel than when it is warm. Additionally, a cold engine experiences higher material wear because the lubricating oil has not yet reached its optimal temperature and viscosity, reducing its protective properties. This increased fuel consumption leads to higher emissions, which harms the environment. The battery is not typically over-charged during short cold journeys, so that option is incorrect. To minimize environmental impact, it is best to avoid frequent short trips where the engine does not have time to warm up properly.